Preface to the special issue on Monitoring and Modelling of Carbon-Balance-, Water- and Snow-Related Phenomena at Northern Latitudes

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Kysyntäjouston optimointi käyttäen aggregoituja energiavarastoja

The increase in uncontrollable volatile renewable generation leads to a growing need for flexibility also on the consumption side of electricity. Residential consumers, especially with energy storages such as water heaters and batteries, could shift and curtail their energy consumption. However, in order to provide suitable changes to the consumption profiles of the consumers, appropriate methods for control and incentives have to be developed. This thesis presents several developed optimization methods for an aggregating retailer to aggregate multiple mostly independently acting consumers for diverse market participation. The first set of contributions included methods for planning aggregate consumptions schedules for the day-aheadmarket, as well as for taking into account the potential intra-day flexibility of the optimized schedules. In addition, analysis were made on how much the aggregator can shift the consumption of its consumers depending on whether the consumption is responsive to changes in prices or if the aggregator can directly alter the consumption. Secondly, the participation of residential consumption in frequency control was considered. Centralized control was simulated utilizing a proposed agent-basedmodel, under uncertain communication latencies. Furthermore, methods were proposed for optimizing day-ahead schedules for participation in the frequency reserve market. The optimization frameworks were extended to include various uncertainties in the resulting electricity demand and market prices, as well as coordination of charging and reserve participation plans between the consumers under the different conditions. In order to test the various developed methods, multiple stochastic programming models are devised and simulated for large populations of residential consumers. The results indicate that flexibility of residential consumption could potentially be utilized for participation in the wholesale market, intra-day trading and frequency reserves. Furthermore, the performed simulations illustrate the benefit of considering flexibility during the day-ahead planning of electricity consumption

Bidding in local electricity markets with cascading wholesale market integration

Local electricity markets are a promising idea to foster the efficiency and use of renewable energy at the distribution level. However, as such a new concept, how these local markets will be designed and integrated into existing market structures, and make the most profit from them, is still unclear. In this work, we propose a local market mechanism in which end-users (consumers, small producers, and prosumers) trade energy between peers. Due to possible low liquidity in the local market, the mechanism assumes that end-users fulfill their energy demands through bilateral contracts with an aggregator/retailer with access to the wholesale market. The allowed bids and offers in the local market are bounded by a feed-in tariff and an aggregator tariff guaranteeing that end-users get, at most, the expected cost without considering this market. The problem is modeled as a multi-leader single-follower bi-level optimization problem, in which the upper levels define the maximization of agent profits. In contrast, the lower level maximizes the energy traded in the local market. Due to the complexity of the matter, and lack of perfect information of end-users, we advocate the use of evolutionary computation, a branch of artificial intelligence that has been successfully applied to a wide variety of optimization problems. Throughout three different case studies considering end-users with distinct characteristics, we evaluated the performance of four different algorithms and assessed the benefits that local markets can bring to market participants. Results show that the proposed market mechanism provides overall costs improvements to market players of around 30–40% regarding a baseline where no local market is considered. However, the shift to local markets in energy procurement can affect the conventional retailer/aggregator role. Therefore, innovative business models should be devised for the successful implementation of local markets in the future.This work has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under project DOMINOES (grant agreement No 771066), from FEDER Funds through COMPETE program and from National Funds through (FCT) under the project UIDB/00760/2020. Joao Soares has received support from National funds through (FCT) under grant CEECIND/02814/2017. Ricardo Faia has received support under the PhD grant SFRH/BD/133086/2017 from National Funds through (FCT).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Framework to facilitate electricity and flexibility trading within, to, and from local markets

Peer‐to‐peer (P2P) electricity sharing or trading can empower consumers and prosumers, incentivize the balancing of generation and demand locally, increase system resilience and reliabil-ity, and help in achieving societal goals, such as increasing renewable energy penetration. Never-theless, the development of P2P trading in actual environments has been slow due to the unclear position of P2P markets in the power system. Recent developments in the European legislation are promising for the establishment of P2P markets and energy communities. Hence, the interplay between local trading and existing market structures needs to be addressed carefully. Furthermore, P2P trading with distributed resources presumes that electricity end users will become active players in the power system. This paper proposes a bidding and pricing mechanism for local markets, considering the external markets; a new approach to balance settlement and balance responsibility when local trading occurs; and an interface to promote end‐user interest in, and interactions with, local energy trading. The proposed local market concept and interface solution promote the cou-pling between local and existing retail, wholesale and ancillary service markets, and can be seen as a step towards the establishment of local energy markets in real‐life settings.publishedVersionPeer reviewe